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Ditylenchus dipsaci
''Ditylenchus dipsaci'' is an plant pathogenic nematode that primarily infects onion and garlic.〔Aftalion B., Cohn E. Characterization of two races of stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus dispaci) in Israel, 1990. 18: 229-232〕 It is commonly known as the stem nematode, the stem and bulb eelworm, or onion bloat (in the United Kingdom).〔(''Ditylenchus dipsaci'' ) at European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization〕〔(''Ditylenchus dipsaci'' ) at Nemaplex, University of California〕 Symptoms of infection include stunted growth, discoloration of bulbs, and swollen stems. ''D. dipsaci'' is a migratory endoparasite that has a five-stage lifecycle and the ability to enter into a dormancy stage. ''D. dipsaci'' enters through stomata or plant wounds and creates galls or malformations in plant growth. This allows for the entrance of secondary pathogens such as fungi and bacteria. Management of disease is maintained through seed sanitation, heat treatment, crop rotation, and fumigation of fields. ''D. dipsaci'' is economically detrimental because infected crops are unmarketable.
==Morphology and biology==
''D. dipsaci'' is a microscopic worm about 1.5 mm long. It penetrates into plants from either the soil or infested planting material and occasionally from seeds. They live between the cells of onion or garlic leaves and between the scales of the bulbs where they feed on cell sap and multiply. The female lays 250 eggs during a season and six generations may develop under optimum conditions when the temperature is in the range 15–20°C. As the number of nematodes increase, symptoms become visible. Onion leaves start to curl, garlic leaves become yellow and die, bulb scales are loosened, and bulb necks become cracked. Development continues in infested bulbs during storage. ''D. dipsaci'' is not restricted to onions and garlic. Its other plant hosts include peas, beetroot, vegetable marrow, pumpkin, rhubarb, and ornamental bulbs. Some weeds also act as hosts, including ''Stellaria media'', ''Linaria vulgaris'', ''Polygonum aviculare'', ''Fallopia convolvulus'', and ''Galium aparine''.〔(AgroAtlas )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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